U3 Research Project Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

U3 Research Project - Coursework Example On the other hand, an Organizational Unit (OU) is also a container object. Its function is to arrange other objects in a way that supports the user’s administrative purposes. An OU organizes objects into a logical hierarchy, making it easier to find and manage. It is used when the delegation of specific administrative roles is needed. Its advantage is that it simplifies the management of objects, enabling administrators to organize Active Directory to match their organization’s needs (Microsoft, 2014). A domain tree comprises several domains linked together in a hierarchical style. The first domain forms the foundation of the naming structure of subsequent domains. The purpose of a domain tree is to classify interrelated objects stored in various domains into hierarchies that match an organization’s needs. Domain trees are used when an organization wants to categorize interrelated domains for easier access. It is beneficial because subsequent child domains can be added to the parent domain. Domains within a tree have a hierarchical naming style in which the child domain name is added to the parent name (Simmons, 2001). On the other hand, a domain forest comprises several trees linked together by their root domains. It acts as the highest container in a specific Active Directory. Its function is to link several domains and domain trees to form an Active Directory. It is used when an organization wants to connect two or more domain trees, which do not share contiguous names. It is advantageous because information is only shared within one forest, increasing data security (Microsoft,

Art Gallery Essay Example for Free

Art Gallery Essay In completion of this assignment the art gallery that I chose to visit was Mark Gallery in Englewood New Jersey. When you walk up to the establishment there are floor to ceiling glass windows that allow you to see everything inside. Facing the gallery there were so many colors that enticed you to enter. The arrangements and art work was spaced out nicely not causing clutter. This allowed you to individually take in each piece on by itself. All of the pieces were very nice but the artist that caught my attention was Mr. Mark Oberndorf. Oberndorf was born in New York but is currently residing in Bergren County New Jersey. He is a contemporary realist painter. Since the age of 10 he has been interested in the visual arts. At an early age some of his beginning works were illustrating his school yearbook to painting murals on his elementary school building. From 1995 to present Oberndorf has had art in various group and solo exhibitions and galleries. Currently his work is currently represented by Mark Gallery of Englewood New Jersey and Westwood Gallery in Westwood New Jersey. I found several of his pieces interesting because they were so basic. Not meaning they did not have levels or dimensions but they put me in the mind of simpler times and relatable memories. His pieces display three dimensional effects on a two dimensional surface with natural lighting effects. All painting are created with oil on linen canvass. Such pieces as the â€Å"Wyckoff Train Station†, â€Å"Dairy Queen† and â€Å"Gas† all represent the Bergren County area and parts of New York prior to the gentrification phase. â€Å"Gas† depicts an old two pump station as you would see it in the 1970’s. The piece of the â€Å"Dairy Queen† shows the classic franchise that was shaped somewhat of a barn prior to the new modernized look you may see today. I can remember as a kid having one of these in our neighborhood. We frequently visited it for a Sunday cone after attending church. I could not wait to stand in line for my soft serve on a cone. Lastly the â€Å"Wyckoff Train Station† is truly a classic single standing building not so big on the side of the tracks. Much dated compared to the enormous train stations and subway stations you see in the big cities such as New York. Through viewing these pieces I would think this is his way of holding on to a piece of history, before all common landmarks that held tradition and memories were torn down. Prior to gentrification in many of our communities there were several sites or establishments that were a common thread to our community. Be it the mom and pop store on the corner to the old fashioned ice cream stand. Gentrification has erased these things with more modernized establishments that help to bring economic wealth for some but forces others out of the neighborhoods and communities that they have been a part of for quite some time.

MP3s Benefit both Consumers and Record Companies Essay -- Argumentati

You read the newest interview of your favorite band talking with Rolling Stone. In that interview, they are asked whom they are listening to these days. The answer is not what you expected. The rest of the interview is all about this new band that they are raving about. Who is this new band, and why do they seem so great? You quickly log onto your computer and start downloading a song from this mysterious band. The download completes, and the song is awesome! Now you know why this group is respected musically by the ones you respect in the business. All thanks to the incredible MP3! MP3 is a small compressed format that allows music to be downloaded quickly with very little sacrifice in the sound quality. Moving Picture Experts Group, Audio Layer III is what MP3 stands for. All this came about in the 1980's when a German Institute wanted to code music a different way. They did so and received a patent for the MP3. About 20 years later, there were many applications making MP3's an everyday thing. People around the world were downloading copyrighted music for free (Jones). In 1999, there were 60,000 MP3 websites and 6,000,000 people downloading a day (Knab). No one was concerned, but then Napster arrived (Jones). Napster will probably always be remembered as the MP3 software that allowed just about any song to be downloaded at any time by anyone who had an internet connection. The music industry was successful in changing Napster from a free source to a charging subscription. Others like Napster still exist because they have found ways of getting around all of the problems, but they are currently being pursued by the music industry in terms of shutting down. Record labels are upset because of the control they are losing. A... ...ranti, Marc & Guth Rob. "Downloadable-Music Wars Intensify." CNN.com 25 Mar. 1999. 5 Dec. 2002. . Jones, Christopher. "MP3 Overview." Hotwired. 27 Jul. 2000. 12 Dec. 2002. . Knab, Christopher. "MP3." Fourfront Media & Music. 1999. 7 Dec. 2002. . Lazarus, David. "Downloadable Music Ready to Rock." Wired News. 11 Sep. 1997. 7 Dec. 2002. . Petreley, Nick. "Opinion: How record companies could embrace Napster and maintain profits." CNN.com. 20 Mar. 2000. 19 Dec. 2002. . "The Future of Downloadable Music." Indian-Music.com. 5 Dec. 2002. . Â  

The Evasive Sonnet CXVI (116) Essay -- Sonnet 116 Essays

  Ã‚   In my survey of Shakespeare's Sonnets, I have found it difficult to sincerely regard any single sonnet as inferior.   However, many of the themes could be regarded as rather trite.   For example sonnet XCVII main idea is that with my love away I feel incomplete, sonnet XXIX says that only your love remembered makes life bearable, while sonnet XXXVIII makes the beloved the sole inspiration in the poet's life.  Ã‚   These themes recycled in love songs and Hallmark cards, hardly original now, would hardly have been any newer in Elizabethan England.  Ã‚   However the hackneyed themes of these sonnets is in a sense the source of their essence.   These emotions, oftentimes difficult to adequately articulate, are shared by all that have loved, been loved, lusted or been hurt in a relationship.   Still, it is certainly difficult to criticize Shakespeare's work as a whole.   One would only show his ignorance if he were to argue against Shakespeare's sophisticated style.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Far easier than finding inferior works from this cornucopia of verse would be to snatch and guard his more elaborate, brilliant works such as sonnet XVIII.   These lucky few need very little explanation for they speak for themselves.   Scholarly glosses, profound explanations, and critic's interpretations - needed in the more ambiguous sonnets - are not only unneeded in these sonnets but sometimes unwanted.   It is an insult to the intellect of the reader for a scholar to be as presumptuous with these jewels of verse to think that it needs someone asserting meaning ex cathedra.   They have their distinguished place because, after slow and careful reading, one may bask in meaning and beauty, contemplating the sonnets bearing on his life.   One does not need a critic to el... ...Linda Gregerson's explication of Sonnet 116.   http://www.the atlantic.com/unbound/poetry/soudings/shakespeare.htm. 8 I say that this is not a popular reading and not without error because I have not yet seen any scholarly work to confirm my reading of these lines.   In fact, I have seen much to contradict my assertion.   Helen Vendler notes that most readers, guided by the beginning of the sonnet, misinterpret it.   I agree with Vendler's assertion but not her reading (or other scholars for that matter), and hence I present my own.   9 Ingram and Redpath, 268. 10 Helen Vendler, The Art of Shakespeare's Sonnets (Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997) 489. 11 Booth, 385. 12 Booth, as well as Ingram and Redpath seem to be of this mind.   13 Lawrence Ferlinghetti, A Coney Island of the Mind (New York: New Directions, 1958) 30.   

Health Care in United States Essay

The United States, as a leading developed country, is very attractive to many foreigners. Everyone dreams of coming to the United Sates to study or work. However, they are concerned about their health care while stay in the United States. The health care system in the United States is problematic. It is so extensive and complicated that it is almost impossible for the government to make everyone satisfied. Reformation of health care occurred many times in the history. President Bill Clinton tried to overhaul the health care system and failed. Before Clinton’s failure it had been Carter’s. Before Carter’s it had been Nixon’s. The health care system in the United States has several major problems. Among all of them, insurance policy is the core issue. The Unites States is the only developed country, except for South Korea, that does not provide healthcare for all of its citizens (Farrell). According to the research, there are still 50.7 million people uninsured, which is 16% of the United States population (about one in six people), or the combined population of 25 average-sized states, such as Oklahoma, Connecticut, Iowa, Mississippi, and Kansas (Parker-Pope). The main cause is that the price for health insurance is too high. Many people are not able to pay insurance premiums and over these years the situation has been getting worse and worse. During the past eight years, insurance premiums have nearly doubled, resulting in health insurance moving farther out of reach for millions (Farrell; Klein). Despite millions of people cannot afford medical insurance; the government do not have a solution. The government now only pays two kinds of insurance. Medicare is a program set up for senior citizens (65 or older). Most of them retire and do not have any income sources. Therefore the government offers them insurance. Medicaid is established for the disabled or those with low income. However, the criterion of qualifying low income is incomplete and farfetched. Those two programs were originally set for great purposes; now they are associated with many frauds. For example, federal authorities announced on May 2 they had arrested 107 health care providers, including doctors and nurses, in several cities and charged them with cheating Medicare out of $452 million (Matthews). Medicaid is just as bad, or worse. New York City has been a huge problem for Medicaid with one former official suggesting that 40% of NYC’s Medicaid payments are â€Å"questionable.† The New York Times reported that a Brooklyn dentist had filed 991 claims in one day (Matthews). These two kinds  of government support have many problems, and while there is benefit to those really in need, a major overhaul is needed. Generally, despite Medicare and Medicaid, there are two ways to get insured. One is employer-based which the employers pay premiums for employees. In that sense, employees do not have opportunity to choose their own health plan. The employers choose for their workers. Once one looses his or her job, the insurance plan automatically become invalid and one has to pay for his or her own premium. Due to this reason, many people are bonded to their current jobs. However, if one does not have a job or has a part-time job that the employers do not pay for premium because of shortage of working hours, one has to purchase his or her insurance plan. Individual plans can be quiet very expensive, especially for families. Statistics showed that Americans spend more than any other country in the world. In 2005, per capita, or per person spending on medical insurance was $6,697 (Klein). Medical insurance is so costly that it takes up ten percent of an average American’s annual income. The U.S. spends a higher percentage of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on healthcare than other industrialized countries. In 2003, it was 15%, versus an average of 8.6% in the OECD nations (the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, a group of major industrialized countries). Federal spending on healthcare in 2005 alone totaled $600 billion, a massive one-quarter of the federal budget. (Farrell). Although Americans spend so much they are still not receiving an equivalent amount of care. Approximately one-third (31%) of adults and a little more than one-half (54%) of children do not have a primary care doctor (Appendix A). Americans pay for advanced equipment in the hospital but only 30% of them report that they can access a doctor on the very day they need one, as opposed to 41% of Britons and 55% of Germans. A full 67% of Americans , more than in any other country, say it is difficult to get care on nights, weekends, or holidays and resort to the emergency room, where care is costlier and, if one’s injury is not grievous, less efficient (Klein). The waiting time is often too long and the treating time is too short. In the United States health care system, laws and regulations play essential roles within it. Supposedly, the PPACA (Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act) is going to lower the insurance premium and make health plans affordable, reduce overall health care costs by making services available to  the 32 million who currently can not afford insurance (Amadeo). Now, only 49% of adults are receiving recommended preventative care and screening tests according to guidelines for their age and sex (Farrell). On the one hand, increased coverage would enable more people to receive preventative care. However, on the other hand, increased coverage may move the cost up rapidly because many people will receive preventative care and testing who, fortunately, find out they didn’t have that critical illness. However, the CBO (Congressional Budget Office) found that additional testing, such as cancer screening and cholesterol tests, will lead to higher net medical spending (Amadeo). Therefore, if the expenditure is up, the tax must be raised to compensate the gap in between. Especially to those do not want to purchase insurance or are not qualified for Medicare or Medicaid, they would have nightmares. They will be assessed a tax of $95 (or 1% of income, whichever is higher) in 2014. It increases to $325 (or 2% of income) in 2015, and $695 (or 2.5% of income) in 2016 (Amadeo). Last but not least, the statistics conducted by Department of Health and Human Services demonstrates that National health-care spending per person will rise from $7421 in 2007 to estimated $13,100 in 2018 ( The Staff of The Washington Post)(Appendix B). The spending is almost doubled. The CBO also predicted that about four million people, 1.2% of population would end up paying more taxes to the government than paying their own insurance premium (Amadeo). As the health care gets more affordable, the pharmaceutical companies are going to give up enormous parts of their profit to make up the â€Å"doughnut hole† (a gap in prescription drug coverage) which is included in Medicare part D. Approximately extra $84.8 billion would be paid to fix the doughnut hole. Moreover, in 2013, medical-device manufacturers and importers will pay a 2.3% excise tax. Indoor tanning services already pay a 10% excise tax (Amadeo). This could discourage those businesses from hiring new employees, which is going to be a major problem in the future. Abortion is legal in the United States and there is a heated debate about it. An estimated 48 million babies have been aborted since 1973. Approximately 24% of all U.S. pregnancies end in abortion (Abortion Statistics). Abortion contradicts to God’s word and it is immoral. In Job 10:8-12, â€Å"Your hands shaped me and made me. Will you now turn and destroy me? Remember that you molded me like clay. Will you now turn me to dust again? Did you not pour me out like milk †¦Ã‚  and knit me together with bones and sinews? You gave me life and showed me kindness, and in your providence watched over my spirit†. God clearly stated that abortion is not pleasing in His eyes. God also included in His great ten commandments: â€Å"You shall not murder.† Abortion is definitely considered murder. Psalm 127:3, â€Å"Sons are a heritage from the LORD, children a reward from him†, suggests that children are gift from God. God also indicates that kids are wonderful in Psalm 139:13-16. â€Å"For you created my inmost being; you knit me together in my mother’s womb. I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your works are wonderful, I know that fully well. My frame was not hidden from you when I was made in the secret place. When I was woven together in the depths of the earth, your eyes saw my unformed body. All the days ordained for me were written in your book before one of them came to be.† Therefore, abortion is inappropriate in the current health care law. In PPACA, the United States government is paying for birth control in order to reduce the abortion rate. Contraception is anti-life and unnatural; it also carries high risks. Contraception prevents people who might benefit humanity from being born (Summary of the arguments against contraception). Contraception is a personal choice that the government should not use taxpayers’ money to co-pay the prices. In this way, PPACA, the health plan passes by President Obama is unconstitutional. The government does not have the right to force citizens to buy insurance or to share the cost of birth control. To put all into a nutshell, the health care system in United States now is very costly and needs some major changes in regards to insurance policies and the budgets. Currently, the United States owes 16 trillion dollars to other countries, mostly to China. Health care is a major component for it. There are millions of people do not have primary care doctors and do not receive any treatment when sick. God bless the United States so much that most people do not need to worry about food or shelters. However, the government still needs to pay close attention to those do not have any form of health care. Instead of only trying to make to the goal with a band-aid approach, the government actually needs to think through the original problems with the system.

Moby Dick Essay

Moby Dick Essay In every great literary work there is a symbolic element that makes the authors message more detectable to his readers. In Herman Melvilles Moby Dick there is the idea of the counterpane of humanity. This theme is mixed in throughout the story as a symbol of the worldÐ ¢s multiculturalism. Melville shows that the world is a counterpane of diverse cultures, races, and environments, in which we are always connected by our humanity. Melville also uses the open sea as a metaphor for the world and mankind. The most obvious counterpane in Moby Dick is the crew of the Pequod. Every shipmate on board the Pequod brought some sort of different culture and background to the ship. The three colored harpooners and the three white mates each had their own beliefs about life. The other members of the crew such as Fedallah, Pip, Ahab, and Ishamael made up one big mixture of cultures. It is interesting how the white crew on the ship who in their wildest dreams never thought of putting their lives in the hands of colored people. Yet every one of them was completely dependent on one or all of the colored members of the crew. Without the harpooners the Pequod would have perished long before they even spotted Moby Dick. One great example of interdependency within the shipmates is the relationship between Ishmael and Queequeg. Ishmael was one of the only crew members to accept other beliefs. His friendship with Queequeg paints the perfect picture of a man to live lovingly and acceptingly with his peers. This dependency is how the Pequod performed. Every member, although each individual was different from the next, did their part in trying to assure the success of the Pequod. The interdependency on the ship transfers over to show the counterpane of humanity. Queequeg is the signally the most diverse character in Moby Dick. This dark complexioned harpooneer (Melville, 33) represents a vast number of cultures all at once. He introduced to the reader as the man Ishmael will have to bunk with for the night. Their first encounter, Queequeg is portrayed as a savage and Ð £cannibal (Melville, 37) who seems ready and willing to attack Ishmael. Ð £ . . . but what to make of this head-peddling purple rascal . . . his chest and arms . . . parts of him were checkered with the same squares as his face; his back too, was all over the same dark squares; still more, his very legs were marked . . . It was now quite plain that he must be some abominable savage or other . . . I quaked to think of it. A peddler of heads too perhaps the heads of his own brothers. He might take a fancy to mine heavens! Look at that tomahawk (Melville, 40-41)., Queequeg is immediately portrayed as someone to despair. However, this impression is quickly passed on by the qu ick shift from Queequeg the savage, to Queequeg the noble and trustworthy friend. In the chapter entitled Biographical (70), the reader is alarmed to find that Queequeg is actually a prince, His father . . . a High Chief, a King; his uncle a High Priest; and on the maternal side he boasted aunts who were the wives of unconquerable warriors. There was excellent blood in his veins royal stuff; though sadly vitiated, I fear, by the cannibal propensity he nourished in his untutored youth (Melville, 70). Still there is another culture that is rolled up into Queequeg, it is that of the Islamic religion. Queequeg follows the Ramadan but only while worshipping an African idol. One of the most precious belongings to Queequeg is his little Congo baby (Melville, 41) named Yojo. When he is following his rituals for hours on end, he escapes to another world. His trance is scary to those who donÐ ¢t understand what he is about. Ishmael thought Queequeg had died before learning of this special fasting period, . . . there squatted Queequeg, as if he had been screwed down to the floor (Melville, 97). All of these opinions formed are based on the physical looks of his character. Despite the fact that at first glance anyone would be terrified of this cannibal, he is one of the most outgoing and positive people in the book. The poor fellow, whom Queequeg had handled so roughly, was swept overboard; all hands were in a panic; Queequeg, stripped to the waist, darted from the side with a long living arc of a leap. For three minutes or more he was seen swimming . . . The poor bumpkin was restored. All hands voted Queequeg a noble trump (Melville, 75-76). His interesting character builds a fascinating outlook of human emotions. His characteristics are unique to him and yet common to humanity. The Pequod meets multiple ships in the story each of them represent a different culture of people. For instance, the Town Ho came straight out of Nantucket, the Jungfrau was a ship from Germany, while the Rosebud was from France. Not only were the different ships unique in style and accents, but their views on life and whaling were greatly diverse as well. A great deal of irony was also in the meetings of the Pequod with the other ships. . . . another homeward bound whaleman, the Town Ho, was encountered. She was manned almost wholly by Polynesians (Melville, 239). The ship that came from America was not even being manned by Americans. The Pequod also encounters . . . another ship, most miserably misnamed the Delight (Melville, 504). The Delight had seen a tragic whaling attempt just a day prior and was now taking care of the last of the victims. Ð £Ã ¢I bury, but one of five stout men, who were alive only yesterday; but were dead ere night. Only that one I bury; the rest were bur ied before they died; you sail upon their tomb (Melville, 504 505). This irony reflects mankind. The multiculturalism of all the different ships proved that we as humans are all connected. Melvilles knowledge on the nature of mankind has offered examples on three different scales. From the grand sea, to the microcosm of a single human being, he tells the epic story of a whale hunt, while artistically incorporating a countless number of subtleties that describe both the beauty and darkness of the counterpane of life. You can order a custom essay, term paper, research paper, thesis or dissertation on Moby Dick topics at our professional custom essay writing service which provides students with custom papers written by highly qualified academic writers. High quality and no plagiarism guarantee! Get professional essay writing help at an affordable cost.

Real, Not Monetary Shocks Drive Business Cycles †Business Essay

Real, Not Monetary Shocks Drive Business Cycles – Business Essay Free Online Research Papers Real, Not Monetary Shocks Drive Business Cycles Business Essay A business, or trade cycle, is the term used to describe the tendency for recurring fluctuations in economic activity characterized by alternating periods of upward and downward movements in the aggregate level of output and employment, relative to their long-term trends. The initial concept of business cycles is generally attributed to French physician Clement Juglar, who described the economic cycle in 1860 as ‘a recurring, if not necessarily uniform pattern.’ Since that time, a four-phase scheme has been used to describe fluctuations in business cycles: an upturn ends at an upper turning point (boom), followed by a downturn which leads to a lower turning point (recession) which is, in turn, followed by the next upturn (Fig. 1.1). Theories on the causes of business cycles have considered an array of possible factors yet neither theoretical nor empirical work has conclusively delineated the underlying causes for fluctuations. I intend to expound the theories and assess relevant evidence on behalf of both real and monetary shocks. I turn, I shall also comment on how the two schools of thought are implicitly tied to political po licy and finally offer an answer as to which really drives business cycles. Mainstream macroeconomists view recessions as a case of market failure. There are workers who would like to work but cannot because no one is willing to hire them. Their lack of income creates consumers who would like to spend but who cannot because they do not have the funds to do so. As a result, there are businesses that would like to produce and hire more workers, but cannot because there is not enough demand for final output. The circle is complete, and there is something not working properly. The traditional explanation for this situation was a failure of wages and prices to adjust quickly enough. A change in spending drives the economy away from equilibrium, but sticky wages and/or prices prevent rapid adjustment to a new equilibrium. Real-business cycle theorists reject the above explanation based on the assumption that markets always clear. Hence wages and prices should not be sticky, but should adjust quickly. In essence, the central idea is that technical change is the most important kind of economic disturbance behind business fluctuations. This approach builds on the ideas of Joseph Schumpeter who held that capitalism is characterised by waves of â€Å"creative destruction† in which the continuous introduction of new technologies constantly drives existing firms our of business. When there is a temporary improvement in technology, this temporarily raises productivity. It follows that the real wage is also temporarily higher given that workers are paid their marginal product, which is equal to the real wage. Workers respond to the temporarily high wage rate by deciding to work harder while the real wage is high, and as a consequence, output rises. Suppose that in some weeks you get paid $15 per hour, and in other weeks you only get paid $5 per hour. If one could choose how many hours a week to work, what kind of pattern would be expected? Though some people may choose to work the same in all weeks, most people would work longer in the higher-pay weeks and less in the lower-pay weeks. They will take their leisure in the lower-pay periods, and move their work to the higher pay periods. The real-business cycle suggests that this same pattern holds over longer periods. When there is a technological shock raising real wage, people will work more causing output to surge, and when there is a technological shock lowering real wage, people will withdraw from work, causing output to fall. This pattern is what we observe as booms and recessions. Clearly, real business cycle theory depends heavily on the ability of workers to alter the amount of labour and leisure time they choose at each point in time. This is called the inter-te mporal substitution of labour, and it is one of the most controversial assumptions of real business cycles. Many economists find the real-business cycle theory totally unbelievable. No one can observe the technological shocks that are at the heart of this explanation, and it strikes many as simply ridiculous to argue that the unemployment during a recession is voluntary. However, the evidence for the argument that real shocks drive business cycles may be found in cases of natural and artificial disasters. Natural disasters such as the tsunami in Asia and artificial disasters such as the terrorists attacks on September 11th 2001. The evidence that September 11th caused an immediate and continued downturn in the economy of the United States (and as a direct result the strength of the dollar) is undeniable. Likewise the economic effects on the affected areas in Asia are possibly even more extreme. Entire villages and towns have been entirely destroyed and consequently the economy is defunct. Herein lies the problem of talking about business cycles in general. It is clear from the exampl es above that a business cycle in the developed world means a very different thing to those countries in the early stages of economic advancement. However, both cases support the argument that real shocks are the primary force behind business cycles. In terms of policy implications real business cycle theorists are inclined to deny the powers of governments, through monetary and fiscal policy, to control the rate of economic growth. In contrast those who believe that monetary shocks drive business cycles argue that it is indeed the government (or central bank) policies that can control the rate of growth. The target of monetary policy may be the achievement of a desired level or rate of growth in real activity, the price level, the exchange rate, or the balance of payments. In both the UK and the US policies have included setting the interest rate charged by the central bank, sales or purchases of securities to control the money supply, and changes in the required reserve ratios of banks and other financial institutions. Monetarism was drafted as a ‘revolution’ against the then orthodox Keynesian theory. In the early and mid-1960s, monetarism and Keynesian economics were regarded as distinct and probably irreconcilable explanations for business cycles. Monetarists distinguish themselves from other economists by stressing the existence of a stable money-demand function. One implication is that the best way to stabilise the economy is to stabilise the rate of growth of the money supply at a low level. Assuming that output is determined exogenously (by the microeconomic supply decisions of households and businesses) so that Q can be taken as given, then the definition of velocity implies: P = (M .V)/Q If V is fairly stable, and Q is exogenous, the equation implies that changes in M translate into changes in the price level. Thus, monetarists stress that changes in M are the key to controlling the price level. They hold that money should be allowed to rise at a constant rate per year. Thus, controlling inflation becomes merely a problem of controlling M. Monetarism is much more sceptical than Keynesian economics with regard to the need for, and efficacy of, stabilization policies. In order not to distort price signals, the government should make the supply of money stable and predictable. An independent central bank is helpful in achieving this goal. Friedman and Schwartz brought money back to the fore with the publication of their Monetary History of the U.S (1963). In this influential book, Friedman and Schwartz show that money and real aggregate production move together closely over the business cycle. Laidler’s model shows that the interplay between a Friedmanian accelerationist Phillips curve and the quantity equation is sufficient to generate business cycles in R. Frisch’s sense. According to Friedman and Schwartz much the same mechanisms potentially give rise to business cycles in the open economy with international trade in commodities and securities. They also posit that incorporating structural unemployment into the monetarist model does not affect the main results. The supply side determines average aggregate output and the interplay between supply and demand determines the fluctuations around this average level. The theoretical positions of these two schools of thought converged to a widely shared macroeconomic consensus in the early 1970s that the average output level is determined by supply-side factors, while the demand side is an important determinant of the fluctuations of aggregate production about the average level. The issue of whether monetary policy can be used to control business cycles is at the heart of the economic debate with regard to the European Monetary Union (EMU). Many believe that Gordon Brown’s view that Britain would be adversely affected economically by joining the Euro is the single largest factor as to why Britain remains a sovereign state. The argument revolves around the fact that monetary policy, if it is to have a controlling effect on an economy, is most effective when it is used to counteract localised shocks. It follows then that a single monetary policy for all EMU nations (with well-documented fundamental differences in the foundations of their respective economic status) would be less effective than implementing one specific to the UK. In conclusion, and I think most modern macroeconomists would agree, that business cycles are clearly influenced by both real and monetary shocks. As I have shown, real shocks, can offer a more identifiable force behind business cycles and yet it could simultaneously be argued that the government’s monetary policy is the more constant, driving, factor. I believe that the government should take an active role in moderating the business cycle through stabilization policies. This is because, as research has shown, short-term business cycle fluctuations may have long-term effects on the economy. The persistence of long-term unemployment in European economies is a good example of how short-term fluctuations in output and employment can create serious long-term problems for the economy. I am inclined to agree with Boehm who states ‘there are both endogenous and exogenous causes of cycles and concludes that, while each cycle is distinct, there are also common elements to all b usiness cycles.’ The implication is that any theory suggesting random elements as the main source of cycles is suspect. Since new classical theory postulates that cycles are caused by random monetary shocks and real business cycle theory places blame on technology shocks, both theories fail by Boehms criteria. Boehm concludes that an eclectic theory of the cycle is necessary and that continual monitoring is needed for stabilisation purposes. Bibliography The American Business Cycle, R. J. Gordon, 1986 Macroeconomics in the Global Economy, Sachs-Lauren, 1993 Business Cycle Indicators, Karl Heinrich Oppenlander, 2001 Cause and Control of the Business Cycle, E.C. Harwood, 1975 Business Cycles, James Arthur Etey, 1992 The Economics of Seasonal Cycles, Miron, 1998 The Oxford Dictionary of Economics, 2004 UK Monetary Policy in the Modern Economy, A. T. Milner, 2002 Research Papers on Real, Not Monetary Shocks Drive Business Cycles - Business EssayResearch Process Part OneTwilight of the UAWOpen Architechture a white paperThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfPETSTEL analysis of IndiaIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductDefinition of Export Quotas

Beauty Behind the Madness Professor Ramos Blog

Beauty Behind the Madness Noah Rougely English 102 July 27, 2018 Imagine being stripped of all your greatest qualities in your life just because someone else was jealous of you. In the story of Medusa, beauty is punished in this way and is brought to the point of horror. In the  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Hesiods  Theogony  (c. 700 BCE) and Ovids  Metamorphoses  (8 CE), Medusa is presented as originally having been a beautiful maiden and priestess of the goddess Athena.† (Kaleta) Medusa was well known for being so beautiful, having lovely healthy hair, and remaining a virgin in honor of Athena. She had two sisters and they are known as the Gorgon sisters. She was the only mortal of the 3. She was greatly sought after but she always chose to remain pure. She was so beautiful that many men and even other gods tried to take her virginity, but she would never allow it. Men would come all the way to the temple just to catch a glance of the beautiful Medusa and some even said her hair was more beautiful than Athena’s. There was a time when Poseidon, the god of the sea, was in conflict with Athena and he also had intense lust for Medusa. He saw her as a pure possession of Athena and tried to take her virginity to get back at Athena. Medusa always rejected him. He was so infatuated with her that he decided he would not take no for an answer. He aggressively pursued Medusa until she fled to the temple of Athena for help, but to no avail because Poseidon caught her and still raped her. Punishing a god was out of the question, so when Athena found out, she then changed Medusa into an ugly serpent-like monster with hideous features and hissing snakes for hair. She was so ugly that one glare could turn any man into a pillar of marble. â€Å"Pseudo-Apollodorus also suggests in the  Bibliotheca  (first century BCE) that Medusa was punished by Athena because her beauty rivaled that of the goddess.† (Kaleta)   She changed everything she envied into something grotesque. Medusa became pregnant aft er being raped by Poseidon and after she was beheaded later in the story by a mortal named Perseus, Chrysaor and Pegasus were born from her open wound when she died. Before this event, many warriors tried to challenge her, but they ended up getting turned into stone with her vicious gaze. Medusa is later killed by the Greek hero Perseus, son of Zeus and the mortal Danaà «. His grandfather, Acrisius, had been warned by an oracle that Perseus would kill him so he put him and his mother in a chest and threw it into the ocean. It drifted to Seriphus, where King Polydectes took them in and helped them. King Polydectes eventually fell in love with Danaà «, but he could not make a move on her with her son always around. In a ceremony he chose Perseus away to slay Medusa as a way to receive high honor, thinking that Perseus would die on the journey. The goddess Athena liked Perseus though, so she directed him to the Hesperides, nymphs who supplied him with divine tools to slay Medusa with. He was given a great sword that was sharp enough to cut the head of the gorgon clean off. He was given a magic helmet that could make him invisible. He was given shoes that made him light on his feet. And he was given a beautiful shield that was so shiny, he could see Medusa in the reflec tion and not turn to marble. He embarked on his adventure and got advice on where to find Medusa. When he found her he was able to defeat her with his mystical tools. â€Å"He found the Gorgons asleep, and by averting his gaze, and looking only at their reflection in Athenas shield of polished bronze, he cut off Medusas head.† (March) He then took her head as his prize to give to King Polydectes. He started his return journey using Pegasus, a winged horse that was born from Medusas open wound.   He came back to Seriphus to kill King Polydectes for his deceit, and when he returned home he still accidently killed his grandfather in a discus competition, like the oracle have said. Perseus then choose to relinquish Medusa’s head over to Athena. (Lagasse) And while her looks could kill, Medusas blood had supernatural healing powers and after she was beheaded by Perseus, her head is then given by Athena to the god of medicine, Asclepius. He could use her blood to heal othe rs and even bring the dead back to life. After her death, Medusa became a guardian in Hades, the land of the dead. Medusa did her best to do the right thing and represent Athena the best she could. She rejected all the lustful men and remained a virgin for Athena. Athena was consumed by her jealousy of Medusa. She saw the event of Poseidon raping her as a reason to take all that Medusa had. I choose this story because it shows how sometimes you can do all the right things in life, and you can still become a monster because other people will envy your blessings. It is important to take into consideration who you keep in your company and who you exhibit your prized accomplishment and possessions to. Jealousy is like a disease that can make people want to take from you, or just slander your name until you are seen as a monster to the haters and their friends. I would usually say not to care about stuff like that but sometimes some people can create situations that will require your attention. You can only control yourself. Similar to the Frankenstein story, Medusa did nothing wrong, but she was victimized until she was pushed to be evil and reckless. I think a hidden meaning in this story is that pureness can be corrupted by others in the surroundings and can cause one to be evil and as deceptive as a snake. It can cause others to become numb or stone to the product of the evil and the only way to overcome the monster is to look in the mirror. Athena created a monster to destroy others out of her own jealousy. Athena’s behavior aligns with thesis seven from Jeffrey Jerome Cohens Monster Culture book. A quote from Jeffrey Cohen that applies for thesis seven was,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"This thing of darkness I acknowledge mine.† (Cohen) This applies to Athena as the creator of the monster she made Medusa into, and in the end she still received Medusas severed head as a prize. She allowed Medusa’s beauty and the opinions of others to destroy her internally to the point where she was pushed to leap at the opportunity to pilfer Medusas upper hand of aesthetic qualities. In this story, Athena never had to pay for what she did. Medusa was the victim, the monster, and she took the fall completely all the way to her demise. It’s almost like Athena was really the monster and she was the one that got away clean. Kaleta, Marcin Konrad. Medusa.  The Ashgate Encyclopedia of Literary and Cinematic Monsters, Jeffrey Andrew Weinstock, Ashgate Publishing, 1st edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ashgtmonster/medusa/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Lagasse, Paul. Perseus, in Greek mythology.  The Columbia Encyclopedia, Columbia University, Columbia University Press, 7th edition, 2017.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/columency/perseus_in_greek_mythology/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. March, Jennifer R. Gorgons.  Dictionary of Classical Mythology, Oxbow Books, 2nd edition, 2014.  Credo Reference, https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/oxbocm/gorgons/0?institutionId=5312. Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Cohen, Jeffrey J. â€Å"Monster Culture (Seven Theses)† Accessed 17 Jul. 2018. Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwj-9NnAkcrcAhV9GjQIHVAhDlcQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2FPlPd6rSElff7Wpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwjblK3akcrcAhWSHDQIHeSJC90QjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fgiphy.com%2Fgifs%2Fmedusa-9JVsPnYq2quRypsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616 Image https://www.google.com/url?sa=isource=imagescd=cad=rjauact=8ved=2ahUKEwi-xfvqkcrcAhXwIDQIHaT3AhQQjRx6BAgBEAUurl=https%3A%2F%2Fmakeagif.com%2Fgif%2Fmedusa-natalia-vodianova-clash-of-the-titans-2010-KGfEMzpsig=AOvVaw150olhnY7YlvfT1oAXR1l2ust=1533153822234616

Terrorism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 12500 words

Terrorism - Thesis Example The paper is also interested in exploring the effects of Mumbai attacks on NYPD, and the measures they planned to adopt in order to ensure peace and stability in their respective jurisdiction subsequently. The main objective behind investigating into the topic above-mentioned includes the exploration of the factors behind the rapid expansion of terrorists’ network and subsequent attacks in various regions by the beginning of 21st century, which has resulted into horrifying the world population in such a way that it has accelerated the pace and magnitude of hatred and abhorrence amongst the individuals belonging to divergent religious, racial and ethnic groups and communities of the world against the terrorists on the one side, and their rival groups and factions on the other. The terrorists appeared to be creating differences among the people belonging to divergent groups and communities in order to bring the civilisations against one another in a violent confrontation. A prop ortional increase in the gulf of hatred between the civilisations has also paved the way towards waging of wars at the hands of the US-led politico-strategic alliance against two Asian states including Afghanistan and Iraq in 2002 and 2003 respectively, because of the suspicion with regards to the involvement of two terrorist organisations namely Al Qaeda and Taliban in spreading and promoting terrorism in various countries by establishing their condemnable network in the above-mentioned US-invaded states of Asia. The paper is also interested in studying the motifs behind terrorism and similarities and dissimilarities between the strategies adopted by the police departments of both the countries under-examination i.e. USA and India undergoing the terrorist attacks. The researcher has elaborated the topic under-consideration within religious and historical perspectives. In addition to this, the researcher looks for adopting the content analysis as research method while collecting the informational data for the present study. The data gathered from NYPD and Mumbai statistical bureaus, websites and the national databases will be analysed, tabulated and computed in order to estimate the success ratio of the efforts made by the police departments of both these countries for countering terrorism from their respective motherlands. After the data analyses, interpretation of data will be made for the sake of making suggestions for the future researches to be conducted on the same or similar topics. Chapter 1: INTRODUCTION: Terrorism-- Meaning, Nature and Current Serge in the Modern Era: The term terrorism is rightly stated to be an instrument in the hands of the most frustrated and disappointed individuals of society undergoing the situation of alienation and aggravation because of the social injustices and inequalities prevailing in almost all societies and cultures of the world, carrying different level of intensity and magnitude, generally inflicted upon the lower s ocial stratum and depriving them of their share in the social and natural resources. Terrorism is, according to the US Department of Defence, the calculated use of violence or the threat of violence to inculcate fear; intended to coerce or to intimidate governments or

Naturalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Naturalism - Essay Example From the report it is clear the major theme in the literature of naturalism is that people are destined to any kind of life that the environment, inheritance and social circumstances have prepared for them. Another element that was recurring was the power of emotions which are primitive so as to negate human being’s reasoning. Naturalism takes the world the way it is, for good or sickness. As the study declares a novel for literature is often distinguished by the characteristics and life experiences of the people in the novel. Ironweed is a novel discussing the life of people who were homeless in the city of Albany, discussing about their lives under poverty and depression. The novel basically discusses one major protagonist who is known as Francis. He lived a troubled life full of violence but he longed for the day he will understand himself and change his life. The novel Ironweed is a literature novel which was written by William Kennedy. The setting of the book was during the era of the great depression. The novel talks of a man by the name Francis Phelan who was a drug addict and ended up killing his own son, though it was accidental. He also killed other people who had wronged him since he was filled with anger and could act with violence when a person does something wrong to him. Francis is the main character since the novel talks about his life as an alcohol add ict and the consequences that followed him.

Equivalence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Equivalence - Essay Example 2. The concept of "how", accompanies the concept of "why. The "how" something works is teaching the mechanical pieces of the lesson. This is often boring to the child and not very well received, but if combined with an insightful "why" lesson you will have a far simpler task ahead of you. Each child will process the information differently, so you may need to alternate the focus of lessons by using one period going over the how and another going over the why and supplementing with practice sheets. 3. Clarifying the term "Equivalent" and Finding A Common Demoninator: Perhaps the most crucial part of teaching equivalence in fractions is teaching the children how to find a common denominator. The term itself is intimidating, but the task is not impossible. The best way to teach children how to find a common denominator is to use manipulatives. The fact that Students' have misconstrued the equal sign is a topic that has been researched for more than thirty years (Weaver, 1971,1973). It might be beneficial to start off with discussing with the class what the term "equivalent" means to them. At least by doing so we can gage where our students are from a terminology standpoint. This would be beneficial if applied the terms numerator and denominator as well. Because we are dealing with rather large terms it helps to have visual aids. This is where the use of manipulatives comes in handy. Manipulatives are an essential teaching tool which allow children to learn visually. B. The Concept of Finding Equivalent Fractions Using Manipulatives. The problem with textbooks and workbooks is that often the children are distracted by the instructions and fail to use the visual aid. Children move from addition and subtraction (concepts that they have likely been using well before their formal education began on the topic) and are suddenly thrust into an area which is completely foreign. Cursory review of math text and exercise books reveals a great deal of "words" which I think are intimidating. Yes there are pretty pictures with bunnies, pies, balls and whatnot. Yet children still fail to become engaged. Why not turn the lesson into a visual demonstration that you and the children can enjoy Moreover, by watching the children actively participate, we as teachers are able to assess their true comprehension. This is the advantage of using manipulatives. Additionally, it is a wonderful way to insure complete class participation. C. Steps I would teach students in finding Equivalent fractions. I have found that children of all ages are very interested in detective work. There is a sense of power and self confidence that comes with solving a mystery. Television is replete with various shows that show crime scene investigations along with the science behind it. Moreover, both girls and boys seem to have an equal interest in the field. I would suggest to my students that we are CSI detectives. I would suggest that the first thing that we might want to do is to ID (identify) our fraction. Included with that identification would be all of the alias our fraction might use to evade our

Economics case assignment module 01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics case assignment module 01 - Essay Example In the contrary, trifling manufactures which provides small amount of needs of a small number of people also employ small number of workmen. Division of labour is much observed since all of them are working in one workhouse. To take an example, B dressmaking that was operated by Mr. Joe employed 3 dressmakers. His business location was in the heart of a small town. Long before, his 3 dressmakers were used to finish a maximum of 5 or a minimum of 3 dresses a day. However, there produce was insufficient enough, so he came up to the idea of dividing the whole work into branches instead of hiring additional dressmakers. His dressmakers were task to do a particular part of the dress instead of sewing it alone. The work was divided to around 6 so each of the workers was assigned to do 2. The first one shaped and cut the cloth; the second one made the collar, the third sewed the sleeve and so on until all the parts were sewed together and the dress was made. After couple of weeks, the diffe rence was quiet obvious, from the minimum of 9 dresses to around 30 dresses daily. And the work showed much excellent! Hence the division of labour increases the productivity of the workmen because employing a simpler and particular task enhances their skill. Repeating one or two tasks is not as difficult as doing the whole work. Perhaps, a particular dressmaker who was used to sew dresses may not feel difficulty in doing his job but became lazy in using different machines in completing a dress. The several stages undergone may become complicated for him; he may put less concentration on them; whereas, if he only focused shaping and cutting the cloth, its repetitions would result to a greater part of his dexterity. Secondly, Smith’s idea about invisible hand is linked to his concept of self-interest. Every individual struggles to get what he wants. He works hard to fulfill his dreams.

Molecular Therapeutics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Molecular Therapeutics - Essay Example Later in 1970, the mechanism of prostaglandin biosynthesis was demonstrated to involve the formation of bicyclic peroxides or endoperoxides as the initial product of polyunsaturated fatty acid oxygenation. Prostaglandin endoperoxides were successfully isolated and the name 'cyclooxygenase' came into existence as a term that describes the enzyme that is responsible for this complex biochemical transformation (Lawrence et al 1999; Hamberg and Samuelson 1973). According to Lawrence and his colleagues (1999), the chemical process catalysed by cyclooxygenase; the conversion of arachidonic acid, (which is known to be the precursor to prostaglandins), to Prostaglandin G2 (PGG2) involves the enzymatic removal of the 13-pro-S-hydrogen, giving rise to a Pentadienyl radical with maximal electron density at C-11 and C-15. Trapping of the carbon radical at C-11 with Oxygen produces a peroxyl radical, which when added to C-9 generates a cyclic peroxide and a carbon-centred radical at C-8. The double bond at C-12 become re-inforced by the C-8 radical, generating the bicyclic peroxide and an allylic radical with maximal electron density at C-13 and C-15. The carbon radical at C-15 is trapped with oxygen to form a peroxyl radical, which is reduced to prostaglandin G2. Cyclooxygenase came t... Prostaglandins were shown to be involved in a wide array of physiological and pathophysiological responses such as pain, inflammation, homeostasis, regulation of renal function and maintenance of the mucosal integrity of the stomach wall (Remmel et al 2003), their inhibition therefore spells the anti-inflammatory and analgesic utility of NSAIDs and also their adverse effects, such as gastrointestinal toxicity and bleeding. However, Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs happen to be the most widely used drugs in the treatment of pain and inflammation, their therapeutic effects was seen to stem from their ability to inhibit cyclooxygenase induced prostaglandin synthesis, which was also their major source of adverse side effects. The dilemma that ensued was how to separate the pharmacologic value of these drugs from the adverse effects. In the course of the search for a specific inhibitor of the negative effects of prostaglandins, which could spare the positive effects while reducing the adverse effects, it was discovered that depending on the structure of the cyclooxygenase enzyme involved in their synthesis, prostaglandins could be separated into two groups (Green 2001). This led to the discovery of two different cyclooxygenase isozymens encoded by two genes with different protein pattern and distribution (Remmel, 2003; Lawrence et a 1999; Ouellet, 2001) with Cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1) constitutively expressed in most cell types, including platelets while COX-2, though not found in healthy tissues of the body, was induced in response to proinflammatory and proliferative stimuli (Ouellet et al 2001) essentially in response to cytokines, endotoxins, mitogens and at times growth factor (Herschman, 1996) . Available body of evidence, therefore showed that the

Economics case assignment module 01 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics case assignment module 01 - Essay Example In the contrary, trifling manufactures which provides small amount of needs of a small number of people also employ small number of workmen. Division of labour is much observed since all of them are working in one workhouse. To take an example, B dressmaking that was operated by Mr. Joe employed 3 dressmakers. His business location was in the heart of a small town. Long before, his 3 dressmakers were used to finish a maximum of 5 or a minimum of 3 dresses a day. However, there produce was insufficient enough, so he came up to the idea of dividing the whole work into branches instead of hiring additional dressmakers. His dressmakers were task to do a particular part of the dress instead of sewing it alone. The work was divided to around 6 so each of the workers was assigned to do 2. The first one shaped and cut the cloth; the second one made the collar, the third sewed the sleeve and so on until all the parts were sewed together and the dress was made. After couple of weeks, the diffe rence was quiet obvious, from the minimum of 9 dresses to around 30 dresses daily. And the work showed much excellent! Hence the division of labour increases the productivity of the workmen because employing a simpler and particular task enhances their skill. Repeating one or two tasks is not as difficult as doing the whole work. Perhaps, a particular dressmaker who was used to sew dresses may not feel difficulty in doing his job but became lazy in using different machines in completing a dress. The several stages undergone may become complicated for him; he may put less concentration on them; whereas, if he only focused shaping and cutting the cloth, its repetitions would result to a greater part of his dexterity. Secondly, Smith’s idea about invisible hand is linked to his concept of self-interest. Every individual struggles to get what he wants. He works hard to fulfill his dreams.

The Art of Negotiation - Teams vs individuals Assignment

The Art of Negotiation - Teams vs individuals - Assignment Example The effectiveness arises from the fact that all the members of the team have similar interests in the negotiations and expect to have uniform benefits (Mannix, Neale & Overbeck, 2011). The efficacy effect of team negotiations is the ability to have different viewpoints supporting the same issue under negotiation. This is different from individual negotiation in which the individual uses a single unsupported point of view. In addition, individuals negotiating with a company or an organization is at risk of unnecessary victimization as opposed to a group which cannot be victimized. Further, an individual fighting for a personal course does not only lack the voice but is also seen as uncooperative and individualistic (Mannix, Neale & Overbeck, 2011). The results of the two types of negotiations differ greatly. In team negotiation, the diverse points of view makes the teams bargaining power increase and the consensus is easily reached. The actual results of solo-negotiations, on the other hand, are low bargaining power and it takes a more difficult convincing to have the result reflect as the individual would

Distinctive Human Resource Are What Firms Need Essay Example for Free

Distinctive Human Resource Are What Firms Need Essay Introduction Benchmarking is a crucial management tool that guides the stakeholders on the overall performance of the organization as well as mobilizing the employees on a continuous improvement of the organisation’s environmental and social performance. Bench marking is considered to have an impact when the results of the organization performance are immediate (Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). It is essential to recognize that benchmarking and the transfer of the best industry practices are supposed to help an organization in the long run through maximum utilization of the available resources and filling in the gaps associated with an organization poor performance (Drew, 1995). The notion of a single best practice may be overstated. Distinctive human resource practices help to create unique competencies that differentiate products and services and drive competitiveness in organizations. People management practices are the drivers of efforts to create distinctive competencies and, in turn, business strategies. There are various human resource management models that have been used by companies to benchmark and stay competitive in the turbulent business environment and they include the Industrial Organization Model and McKenzie’s 7s Strategy which include shared values, structure, strategy, systems, style, staff and skills. Shared Values Shared values are commonly held beliefs, mindsets, and assumptions that shape how an organization behaves and its corporate culture. Shared values are what engender trust. They are an interconnecting centre of the 7Ss model. Values are the identity by which a company is known throughout its business areas, what the organization stands for and what it believes in, it central beliefs and attitudes. These values must be explicitly stated as both corporate objectives and individual values. Structure Structure is the organizational chart and associated information that shows who reports to whom and how tasks are both divided up and integrated. In other words, structures describe the hierarchy of authority and accountability in an organization, the way the organizations units relate to each other: centralized, functional divisions (top-down); decentralized (the trend in larger organizations); matrix, network, holding among others. These relationships are frequently diagrammed in organizational charts. Most organizations use some mix of structures: pyramidal, matrix or networked ones to accomplish their goals. Strategy Strategies are plans an organization formulates to reach identified goals, and a set of decisions and actions aimed at gaining a sustainable advantage over the competition. Systems Systems define the flow of activities involved in the daily operation of business, including its core processes and its support systems. They refer to the procedures, processes and routines that are used to manage the organization and characterize how important work is to be done. Style Style refers to the cultural style of the organization, how key managers behave in achieving the organization’s goals, how managers collectively spend their time and attention, and how they use symbolic behaviour. How management acts is more important that what management says. Staff Staff refers to the number and types of personnel within the organization and how companies develop employees and shape basic values. Skills Skills refer to the dominant distinctive capabilities and competencies of the personnel or of the organization as a whole. Industrial Organization (I/O) Model The external environment is primary determinant of the organizational strategy rather than internal decisions of managers. The environment presents threats and opportunities all competing to have equal access to resources. Resources are highly mobile between firms. Organizational success is achieved by offering goods and services at lower costs than competitors. Professional sports 49ers †¢ The 49ers have succeeded by using a strategy of long-term player development by recruiting through college drafts rather than trades. This helps the team cement loyalty to the club by the players. Raiders †¢ The Raiders scoop up talented players who fail or do not fit in elsewhere. The club reinforces its strategy through autocracy where the members are not supposed to participate in decision making. The system of the club embraces outside recruit of experienced players. Retailing: Sales as the Service Sears †¢ The Sears selection system requires extensive training. The style keeps track of employee attitude and morale through employee surveys, pay programs to match other retail business through industrial organization model. Nordstrom †¢ The Nordstrom structure of hiring is decentralized and uses no formal selection tests. There are continuous stream of programs to motivate employees with very little attention paid to the staffs in terms of training and commissions when retailing. †¢ The link between employees and product market strategy is sometimes less direct in services, but there are still relationships between the way employees are managed, the competencies employees help produce, and the way companies compete. Professional Service Firms; Information and Advice as the Product Boston Consulting Group (BCG) †¢ The style of BCG is to hire the best undergraduate and MBA students to work for them. †¢ The firm’s system requires rigorous selection procedures and through industrial organization Model provides exceptional compensation to the employees as compared to other organizations. †¢ The firm develops its staff through formal training. †¢ BCG shared value approach expects each team to come up with innovative ways to reinforce its entrepreneurial culture. McKinsey †¢ The professional firm develops its distinctive capabilities through on-campus recruiting and employee skills and development through extensive training model. †¢ The firm’s strategy lies in providing clients with consistent services. The core competency is also consistent with the products and the techniques of the company. Business Schools Harvard Business †¢ The business school staff development represents internal skills development. The school hires employees and turns them into experts. †¢ The business school invests a lot on employee development through the staff model. Wharton School †¢ The school recruitment strategy model relies on external environment to recruit its employees from a network of academicians. †¢ The system model that is used to make the institution maintain a competitive edge in the market is by hiring employees with superior technical skills and by making use of its outside market. Financial Services Chubb †¢ The insurance firm success is based on its shared value model of becoming the insurance of choice. †¢ The firm makes substantial staff investment through its recruitment, intensive training and testing before hiring. American International Group (AIG) †¢ The success of the insurance firm is through its industrial orientation strategy model where the company identifies new areas of business, creates new products, and benefits from the first mover advantage as a result of exploiting the market. †¢ The company’s competencies are its ability to respond to the turbulent business environment. †¢ The company hires from its competitors and invests less on staff development. The Shipping Business FedEx †¢ The shipping business has a strategy model of empowering its employees in the implementation of its vision. †¢ First service company to win the Malcolm Baldridge National Quality Award †¢ Intensive orientation program for staff development. †¢ One hub at FedEx meant that there were fewer coordination problems, allowing for autonomy and participation through it structural model. †¢ This model highly enhances loyalty in employees. UPS †¢ The orientation of the company structure model takes an autocratic approach where the employees have no direct say over work organization matters. †¢ Company standards for each task through its shared value model. †¢ Pays the highest wages and benefits in the industry (Industrial Organization Model). †¢ Productivity of UPS’s drivers is about three times higher than that at FedEx due to its high compensation. †¢ UPS’s business demands a level of coordination that is incompatible with individual employee involvement and a â€Å"high commitment† approach through it structural model. Food and Beverages Coke †¢ Coke builds on employee skills and hangs on them through staff development model. †¢ Coke hires college graduates with little or corporate experience and provides intensive training. †¢ There is promotion and seniority based salary incentives. †¢ Decision making is centralized Pepsi †¢ The company relies on employees’ innovativeness to identify market niches †¢ Pepsi hires employees with experience and advanced technical skills through industrial organization model. †¢ Decision making is decentralized. †¢ Employees have little job security. †¢ Less loyal employees. References Drew, S. A. W. (1995). Strategic Benchmarking: Innovation Practices in Financial Institutions. International Journal of Bank Marketing 13 (1),4-16. Vorhies, D. W., Morgan, N. A. (2005). Benchmarking Marketing Capabilities for Sustainable Competitive Advantage. Journal of Marketing 69 (January Issue), 80–94.

The Benefits of Ethnographic Research

The Benefits of Ethnographic Research To get to know your subject, one must be immersed with the subject in order to gain valuable information regarding the customs, culture, and systems of life from another culture other than your own. Immersing oneself can be a tedious project that lays ahead. But, if you are careful and well educated regarding the study of ethnography, then this task at hand should not be as tedious as one may think. Ethnography is the study of other cultures with clear and critical rules to engage interaction among non-Western societies. We will first describe the study of ethnography in this paper to form the basis of what ethnography really is as opposed to what the study could be. The study of ethnography has had three important changes in the formation of ethnography which will also be a focus in this discussion in this paper so that we can better understand and use the study of ethnography as anthropologists. There are similarities and differences between the three changes which will examined to fully gather the importance of the changes. We will also review an example of a real life ethnographic study to provide the discussion with evidence that the ethnographic study has clear rules and guidelines to describe other cultures. To add to our discussion, we will take an evaluation of ethnography whereby we will look at the pros and cons of using this method of inquiry. The purpose of this paper is to review the importance of learning the study of ethnography to do the best way to study other cultures other than our own which includes the participant observation method. The next section will define what ethnography is, how anthropologists use ethnography, and carefully discuss why anthropologists use ethnography when studying other cultures. The Study of Ethnography? We often take for granted the importance of learning about other cultures and peoples who live outside our communities, however, if there are efforts to learn about others, we can begin to understand the importance of similarities among human civilizations and societies. There is a study that studies the importance of other cultures as well as during the process we learn about ourselves. We come from a place of extravagance, where the modern world allows us Westerners to have everything at our disposal; therefore we must be cautious when we learn about other cultures especially from places with non-Western ways of doing things. There are however certain forms and guidelines that are used for this purpose specifically. These guidelines are developed by anthropologists who use these guidelines to study other peoples cultures in non-Western nations. Anthropologists determined that the study called ethnography would be the basis for studying other cultures than their own. Ethnography is the systematic study of other cultures by use of observation, participation- observation, and what I will coin the term, participation-observation-inclusion. Ethnography is mainly used to gather in a scientific manner the evidence to show that how and why groups of people chose to live as they do. Ethnography is more importantly used in purposes to perform a logical and laid out script to guide all ethnographic work. Some examples were provided in our textbook by Schultz. Ethnography is essentially the form of observation, whereby the anthropologist observes the actions, rituals, and customs of a society. Three Changes in Ethnography We have now examined and defined what ethnography is and why we use such a method of inquiry when studying other cultures that may differ vastly from our own ways. Early founding anthropologists used specifically observation to study cultures around the world which laid the foundation for learning about human culture, which lead to the first change in ethnography. The first change involved not being exclusively objective, rather they became aware of their biases. These early anthropologists knew that there were forms of subjective-ness in their works produced and published; therefore, partly tarnished. This first change also involved not being able to be completely invisible. The subjects were aware of the anthropologist studying them from afar (Schultz:2005). The second change come from the first change where the subjects were studied as above but the anthropologists also included participation of the subject. They were now aware of the benefits of asking questions in order to compare to the actually actions of the subjects. When we ask the participants, we are including the subjects with the research which is more sophisticated than just learning from a distance. Anthropologists using this method of inquiry became more susceptible to more information that helped them understand the similarities and differences of other cultures among ourselves. Lastly, the third major change in ethnography was the usage of multiple sites for locations of gathering information. Many anthropologists were unaware of the multiple sites of locations that participants participated in that this information of multiple sites may have been gathered when anthropologists asked participants questions of daily living. We have reviewed the three changes in ethnography and we can conclude that there are significant changes that led to the modern day ethnography that is still being perfected as we speak. Similarities and Differences of the Three Changes in Ethnography There are several similarities and differences among the changes of ethnography. The similarities are they all require the study of the subjects, they all still gather evidence to support their arguments, and the last similarity is that they all try their best to study the best way possible. The differences were lightly touched above but to get further in discussion, we can view the differences as ways of improving.   One major difference is that the first change and the second change came out of misleading society about other cultures.   The ramifications occurred due to the discriminatory practices from the outcome of the anthropologists.   Another difference is that the third change became more inclusive than the other previous two changes in ethnography. Both similarities and differences are important to outline to provide a critical overview of the topic of ethnography and its changes to improve the method of inquiry. Impacts of the Three Changes There were impacts of the three changes in the study of ethnography, which include having a more sound method of inquiry, more elaborate detailed descriptions of the societies they studied, and there is more sensitivity towards subjects.   The method of inquiry, participant observation, was improved with the three changes by ways of including participants themselves.   This allows the researcher/anthropologists to fully engulf their selves into the society they are studying. Previous anthropologists who laid the groundwork for anthropology were Malinowski and Varandeh (Classnotes:2010).   They both developed ethnographical fieldwork to better study the cultures they were interested in.   One major impact was the introduction to Reflexivity.   When an anthropologist is reflexive, they are more aware of their assumptions and position they are working and imposing on (Classnotes:2010).   An Example of Ethnography that should have utilized the Three Changes The anthropologist, Jean Briggs, studied the Utkuhikhalingmiut (Utku, for short) in northern Canada in efforts to gather ethnographic research (Schultz; 2005). She was inducted into the community however there was a misunderstanding that prevented her from proceeding with her ethnographic study.   The Utku were unable to fully communicate with the anthropologist and thus became frustrated with the anthropologists actions and misunderstandings.   In short the anthropologist had a very difficult time in gathering valuable information that she ended up seeking help from a local Utku who could help her with the communication process.   The anthropologist needed more than just the study of ethnography; Schultz suggests that there should be more work like this (2005).   The Utku is a great example of how the anthropologist should have utilized the three changes in ethnography, which are participant observation and multiple sites.   The example of the ethnographic study above was provided in this essay to provide a detailed explanation of how ethnography can still require improvements.   The use of sensitivity is critical to understand others regardless of different cultures or races.   The use of sensitivity allows researchers to understand that we are human beings with feelings, responses, and thoughts that the anthropologist would act very suspicious if there were no human effects of doing such research. For example, Briggs, the anthropologist discussed above, was not sensitive to the fact that these people of the north do speak a native language that would never have the same meanings in English.   So there should have been some sort of awareness of this prior to going out and doing fieldwork in ethnographic methods of inquiry.   Soon there will be educated native people performing ethnographical studies who enter into their own communities speaking their own languages that will make the ethnographic research more viable.   These three changes have had a great impact on ethnography. Critical Evaluation of Ethnography We have learned that there are three major changes in the way anthropologists conduct ethnographic research and that there must be an understanding from all areas of the research spectrum. Ethnography is the study of other cultures and there were significant changes in the way anthropologists perform observations of the other cultures.   These changes benefited mostly the society the anthropologists were studying but the anthropologists also gained a modified form of gathering information.   The impacts are important to study as well as the history of the ethnographic study whereby the impacts are also ways to improve the method of inquiry of other nations from the perspective of the anthropologist who happens to be subjected to Western ways of life.   The perspective of the anthropologist is now a function in the reflexive process.   Reflexive is the key to successful ethnographic research as now the research has a foundation to build on.   When the anthropologist includes their view of life and how it differs from the group they are studying, the work that is produced is more truthful.   Let me explain so that there is no confusion.   This is what we learned in other classes that there is a method called grounded approach.   The researcher goes back and forth between the researchers assumptions and the subjects evidence in order to compare and modify the results that are being recorded and published.   The grounded approach is a sensible way of conducting research by constantly checking and rechecking the data that is developed out of observation.   The grounded approach verifies information as it is being recorded, as there is no other way to take apart a cultures complex systems of living.   Overall, the ethnographic study of other cultures has many points that the evaluation of the three changes only proves that the study is improving. Conclusion   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   This paper has examined the use and benefits of utilizing the study of ethnography to better understand the world we live in and the people who live in this world.   There were three major changes that occurred over the course of the period of the development of ethnography, which included participant observation and multiple sites for gathering data.   These three changes gave ethnography the substance to continue as a valuable and trustworthy method of inquiry that all anthropologists should be aware of these three changes.   For a final thought, we should ask the subjects themselves which is the best method to inquire learning about their culture.

Art Dealer :: essays research papers

ART DEALER By age five, Michael Irvin loved art and museums but, in retrospect, his was no schoolboy infatuation. Today, his dedication to objets d'art has made him one of the most sought-after art dealers in Southern California. The wares of his perenial treasure hunt span his clients' estates and summer homes, private planes and yachts anchored in Newport Beach and Monte Carlo. But Irvin is not simply a wholesale art dealer, for this stylish art connoisseur describes his work as â€Å"part psychologist, part art consultant,† and he uses his expertise to interpret and translate his clients' artistic expressions. "Many of my clients already have everything. Luxury cars, beautiful jewelry, clothes," said Irvin, a rugged 39-year-old who resembles a bronzed and taller Tom Cruise. "Their homes are their calling cards, and these homes command exquisite art." These demands require a comprehensive understanding of art history, and celebrities like Dr. Phil McGaw and Orange County's elites regularly call Irvin. His client roster is a veritable â€Å"who’s who† of OC society and includes a top Microsoft executive and a Saudi princess. Unlike traditional art dealers who simply locate art for their customers, Irvin consults with clients who have little time to research and are unsure of their decorative choices. He relies on his extensive database of artists and experts amassed over a decade of work, and buys directly from the source at wholesale prices. "Michael has a solid grasp of what his clients want," said Sheldon Harte of Harte Brownlee & Associates, a celebrated interior design firm in Laguna Beach. "He's the best in the business." Despite the posh imagery, Irvin, said his daily routine is anything but glamourous. His typical day involves unloading and carrying heavy canvases, wood panels or sculptures in all shapes and sizes. But Irvin doesn’t complain. The son of a Dallas fireman, Irvin grew up in Texas and was first exposed to opulance and excess during a stint as a chauffeur for Texas oil tycoons. He later worked as a caterer at the mansions of Stanley Marcus, of Neiman Marcus department stores, and society mavens like Anne Bass. "I became acclimated to fine things I'd never seen as a kid," said Irvin, who speaks with a slight, charming Southern accent. "It was a lifestyle I wanted for myself." Irvin went into business moving fine art to athletes’ homes in Colorado and Califorina, then settled in Irvine in 2000 and worked at an art gallery in Laguna.

national Guard Essay -- essays research papers

What is The Pennsylvania Army National Guard? The Pennsylvania Army National Guard is a branch of the United States Army that is mostly used today for homeland security. Although the National Guard is not active like the Reserves or Active Duty Army, they still have the same requirements and same responsibility. More than 22,000 men and women make up the Pennsylvania National Guard and Air National Guard today. They reach from state quarters at Fort Indian Town Gap in Lebanon County to about 100 comunities in the commonwealth. Like all National Guard members they share the same responsibilities. For their federal mission, they are trained and equipped to join the active forces in the time of war or a national emergency. For their state mission, they respond to the orders of the governor, protecting the lives and property of people during man made and natural disasters. Their role extends further than floods, blizzards, and riots, everyday they work to clean up the enviorment, fighting to get rid of drugs and other illegal t hings on the streets, and they serve as role models to generations to come. With the National Guard today you can earn extra money for college, learn job skills that you can use out of the service, and feel better about yourself by serving your hometown and country. History of the National Guard The history of the Army National Guard began on December 13, 1636 when the Massachusetts Bay Colony organized three militia regiments to defend against the growing threat of the Pequot Indians. Patterned after the English Militia systems, all males between 16 and 60 Kessler 2 were obligated to own arms and take part in the defense of the community. The National Guard continues its historic mission of providing defense of the nation. The National Guard also fought many battles in the 20th century. The first war they were in during the 20th century was World War 1. From the streets of Harlem and other New York City neighborhoods came the African-American National... ...the advance into Iraq. Armed with the Multiple-Launch Rocket System, the Field Artillery men of this battalion provided accurate and devastating fire throughout the entire campaign. The rockets were so deadly; the Iraqi soldiers called them "steel rain." Today the Guard continues its vital peacekeeping effort in Southwest Asia. What it takes to be in the National Guard There are many requirements to be in the Army National Guard. The National Guard has physical, academic, and legal requirements that you must pass to join. You must first be in good physical shape and not have any major handicaps. The minimum age to join the National Guard is 17 years of age and a high school junior. If you are under the age of 18 you must have your parents consent. If you are not in high school you must have a high school diploma or GED. You must also score a high enough score on the ASVAB test. When you get your score you will be contacted by a recruiter to see what kind of job you want and can get by your score. You must also be a citizen of the United States and if you are an alien then you cannot get a job in the Army that requires a security clearance.

How Does Arthur Miller Use Dramatic Devises Essay

Dramatic devices are an element of a play used to build a better understanding of the character. Dramatic devices come into play better when performed rather than read. Arthur Miller uses various dramatic devices to portray the character of Eddie, and let the reader or audience think about how Eddie is thinking. This essay will look at the different dramatic devices used. The most used and obvious dramatic device used is the colloquial American dialect. The way the play is written makes the reader read it with an American/Italian accent. For example Arthur Miller has swapped words like ‘you’ for ‘yiz’ in the sentence ‘ill see yiz later’ or abbreviates words in the appropriate places for example ‘my mother’ll know her’ This shows the actor how to speak in a casual working class American/Italian accent and get into character better. As A View from the Bridge is a play there are stage directions. These are another way of showing how Eddie is feeling without him saying so. For example in one scene Eddie is sitting in his rocking chair and surging back and forth, as if he was slightly deluded. Anyone watching the play could tell that Eddie was angry before he even says anything. It could also be perceived that Eddie was plotting something. Other examples of this are when he stands angrily cracking his knuckles showing he is mad and up for a fight. Another dramatic device cleverly used by Arthur Miller is sub-text. This makes the audience think about Eddie’s attitude to the other characters, especially the other males. He adds simple events into the plot, which can mean a great deal to the play. For example Marko challenges Eddie to lift the chair one handed. This fails and Eddie is proved not to be the strongest male. I think Eddie feels his place at the top of the unofficial pecking order threatened so tries to re-establish himself as alpha male. Eddie starts to challenges Rodolpho’s sexuality and puts him down a lot as  Rodolpho sings, dances and makes dresses. For example he asked Catherine if Rodolpho is making a dress for her, in front of him in a sarcastic way ‘ Knocked off for Christmas early (indicating the pattern) Rodolpho making you a dress’. As he no longer feels dominant he resorts to telling them that it is his house so they should listen to him for example ‘Its my house give me the respect I deserve’ I feel the other characters are unaware of Eddie’s troubles and carry on as normal. Eddie is now paranoid and thinks that the others disrespect him; as a result he targets the two females (maybe he feels they are the easiest to manipulate) and is constantly asking for respect ‘nobody gives me respect’ Eddie keeps saying to Catherine and Buertrice. Eddie feels the men are against him and tries to get them in trouble with immigration. The women also get annoyed and sometimes scared with Eddie’s new attitude. The dramatic devices sub-consciously get an unwritten message across to the audience, make the play three-dimensional, and improve the actor’s performance and therefore the audience viewing. This essay looks at and discusses the dramatic devises used by Arther Miller to portray the character of Eddie. I feel that Eddie is at a mid life crises. He feels threatened by new males in to the Carbone family. Italian families are generally close and Eddie has perhaps too close an interest for his niece Catherine. Not only does this make him jealous of Rodolpho but also Rodolpho lives as if he is from a higher classed family with his new suits. He is jealous of Marko as he is a younger and stronger man and he feels Catherine and Beatrice don’t give him the respect he deserves as head of the house hold.

Is America Falling Apart?

â€Å"People are underpaid but they go through an act of liking their work, the open markets are luscious when esculent color, the community is more important than the stat, the human condition is humorously accepted. † (297) â€Å"The quality of life has nothing to do with the quantity of brand names. What matters is talk, family, cheap wine in the open air, the wresting of minimal sweetness out of the long-known bitterness of living. (297) â€Å"American individualism, on the face of it an admirable philosophy, whishes to manifest itself in independence of the community. You don’t share things in common; you have your own things. A family’s strength is signalized by its possessions. Herein lies a paradox. For the desire for possessions must eventually mea dependence on possessions. (298)† â€Å"New appetites are invented; what to the European are bizarre luxuries become, to the American, plain necessities. 298)† â€Å"It is not right that men and women should fear to go on the streets at nights, and that they should sometimes fear the police as much as criminals. Both of whom sometimes look like a mirror images of each other. (301)† â€Å"The wealth qualification for the aspiring politician is taken for granted; a governmental system dedicated to the promotion of personal wealth in a few selected areas will never act for the public good. The time has come, nevertheless, for citizens to demand, from their government, a measure of socialization—the provision of amenities for the many, of which adequate state pensions and sickness benefits, as well as nationalized transport, should be priorities. (302)† â€Å"I come to America as to a country more simulation than depressing. The future of mankind is being worked out there on a scale typically American—vast, dramatic, almost apocalyptical. I brave the brutality and the guilt in order to be in on the scene. I shall be back. (302)†

Issues in the correctional system, the case study analysis of facility

Issues in the correctional system, the analysis of facility murder - Case Study Example Moreover, it explains the necessities of reducing the liberties given to the prisoners in America. According to Ikilo, (n.d.), it is the duty of The Federal Bureau of Prisons to â€Å"protect society by confining offenders in the controlled environments of prisons and community-based facilities that are safe, humane, cost-efficient, and appropriately secure, and that provide work and other self-improvement opportunities to assist offenders in becoming law-abiding citizens† (Ikilo, n.d.). However, nobody thinks about the safety of correctional officers while saying volumes about the safety of the public. It should be noted that many of the correctional officers working in American jails are females. They were forced to interact with many of the hard-core criminals who have less faith in humanity and more faith in cruelty. Many of the criminals in correctional system are sex offenders. Moreover, it is quite possible that even normal criminals may become sex offenders in jails si nce they are not getting any opportunities to relieve their sex energy. Many studies have proved that homosexuality is common in American jails. This is because of the lack of opportunities for heterosexuality in jails. Under such circumstances, the logic of asking women officers to work in American jails can be questionable. The ill fate suffered by Marsha Wills point towards the serious issues prevailing in American jails which needs immediate attention from the authorities. This paper tries to identify the issues, and make recommendations on how to improve the correctional system based on the given case study. Major issues prevailing in American correctional system James (2010) pointed out that â€Å"In "Tent City", a notorious convict camp in the Arizona desert that lacks even basic air conditioning, temperatures regularly top 130 degrees, causing no end of heat-related health problems among its internees† (James, 2010). It is a fact that absence of basic living condition s may cause distress in the minds of people and in the case of criminals, such distress may result in unexpected outcomes. Majority of the criminals in American jails are leading a no hope life. For example, life imprisonment in American means the culprit should spend his remaining life span in jails. He may not get enough opportunities for parole or probation. The US is the only country where juveniles are serving life imprisonment without parole under the so-called "life means life" policy. Only the US and Somalia have refused to ratify the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, which rules out life sentences with no chance of release for crimes committed before the age of 18 (Pilkington, 2011). Even though America is believed to be the most civilized country in the world, they are not so at least in terms of considering criminals who got life sentencing. In other countries such as India, life imprisonment means only 15 year jail term. Moreover, during this 15-year jail term it self the criminal can spend lots of time outside in the name of parole. Those who are behaving decently in Indian jails, may get paroles frequently. In other words, criminals in Indian jails have hope for a future life outside the jail campus. The incidents or the murder of Marsha Wills in the given case should be analysed in the above context. John James, the 52